History of the Marine Corps

Introduction A Continental Congress Resolution on 1775 helped establish the United States Marine Corps as a force whose original purpose was to serve as landing forces within the fleet. It is important to note that formation of the US Marine Corps closely followed the Royal Marines model. The Marine Corps still serve in the land and sea and have taken part in every major armed conflict involving the US.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on History of the Marine Corps specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Marines main focus is amphibious warfare whose success is evident in many operations meant to protect US civilians and foreign nationals in various trouble spots all over the world[1]. Policy formations and reversals lace the history of the Marine Corps. Various conflicts whose nature has required use of the Marine Corps have greatly contributed to development of the Marine Corps as it is today. The cyclical n ature of these conflicts will be the main focus of this essay. The essay will examine the history of the Marine Corps through both description and subtle analysis of the changes the unit has gone through to evolve as one of the finest amphibious units in the globe. In essence therefore, the analysis will comprise an overview of over two hundred years of active service and development of the US Marine Corps. History of the Marine Corps The American Revolution brought with it many changes through political discussions. The need for amphibious expeditions led to establishment of the continental marines. At the Tun Tavern in Philadelphia, a committee of the continental congress drafted a resolution that called for establishment of two battalions that could be used to fight in the sea, and at the shores. Approval of the resolution took place on 10th November 1775[2]. Samuel Nicholas and Robert Mullan became commandant and captain respectively, of the new marine unit. By 1776, Mullan had recruited enough men and the units were ready for their first missions. In March 1776, the marines undertook an operation in New Providence Island in Bahamas securing two forts within thirteen days. They also occupied Nassau seizing military equipment and controlling the government. In December the same year, the Marines assisted Washington’s army in the second battle of Trenton. Performance of the Marines in the battle impressed Washington who later recruited some of them to the artillery units of his army. In 1778, Marines sailed to Mississippi and secured New Orleans from the British. Also, in the same year the Marines raided Great Britain twice marking the first time in 700 years that such a raid took place on British soil. In the years 1783, Marines took part in the seizure of the British ship Baille in the West Indies. The Marines went out of existence together with the navy in 1785 after the end of the revolution[3].Advertising Looking for research paper on histor y? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Perhaps, intensity of naval conflicts with the British and the looming quasi war with France pushed Congress to enact legislation that created the US Navy and the Marine Corps. In 1798, President John Adams signed to law a bill creating the US Marine Corps as part of the Navy. It marked the beginning of formation of the modern Marine Corps in service today. Their entry to the navy coincided with development of new frigates that marines enlisted from 1797 used. It is important to note that the use of frigates is historically symbolic as it set precedent of using high-tech equipment by the Marines. The role of Marines in the US military has changed over time since its formal establishment by the Marines bill. Besides the above named conflicts, the marines took part in conflicts including the Spanish and Philippine American wars, the World War one and two, the Korean war, the Vietnam war, the Gulf wa r, the Bosnian war and the most recent Iraq and Afghanistan wars[4]. While the ideals of establishing the Marine Corps still remain, it is important to acknowledge that the post continental marines are a bit differentiated compared to the continental and colonial marines. The Marines, like other military units in the US and other countries face many challenges that require innovation and continuous improvement. In the 21st century, marines take part in missions wide in scope and whose frequency is unlike in the past. Deployment in their hundreds of thousands takes place regularly all over the world. Given complexity of their operations, development of advanced arms systems has become the norm. Deployment of Marine Expeditionary Units today uses amphibious assault ships that freely move in the high seas and represent one of the most flexible avenues through which the US exerts its military strength. Besides the ships, Marine Corps operate an aviation wing, fully equipped with jets an d helicopters, a far cry from the early marines[5]. Conclusion One of the most prominent aspects about the history of the US is development of its military. This history of the Marine Corps is just one part of the historical development of the US armed forces. This history cannot be told in a few words. However, it is important to note that the unit has steadily evolved over time from its time of formation to become one f the most dependable units in the US military. Bibliography Hearn, Chester. Marines: An Illustrated History: the United States Marine Corps. St. Paul: Zenith Press, 2007.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on History of the Marine Corps specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Hoffman, Jon. USMC: a complete history. New York: Marine Corps Association, 2002. Footnotes Chester Hearn, Marines: An Illustrated History: the United States Marine Corps (St. Paul: Zenith Press, 2007), 47. Chester Hearn, Mari nes: An Illustrated History: the United States Marine Corps (St. Paul: Zenith Press, 2007), 62. Chester Hearn, Marines: An Illustrated History: the United States Marine Corps (St. Paul: Zenith Press, 2007), 74. Jon Hoffman, USMC: a complete history (New York: Marine Corps Association, 2002), 98. Jon Hoffman, USMC: a complete history (New York: Marine Corps Association, 2002), 110. This research paper on History of the Marine Corps was written and submitted by user Franklin Boyd to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Useful Guide on Writing a Medicine Essay

The Useful Guide on Writing a Medicine Essay A medicine essay is a written work that is concerned with a medical topic. Such a paper can be specific and demand some research and even the lab work. Alternatively, it can be an essay that requires one’s opinion regarding the health issue. For instance, when the guidelines state that a student should write about a perfect regime, favorite type of sport, or the importance of having the first aid skills. The medicine essays presuppose that the writer can enrich own knowledge of a certain topic and learn how to compose a well-structured and cohesive text. The following medicine essay writing guide suggests a number of tips that would help one during the writing process starting from the choice of the topic and ending up with the rules of the creation of a conclusion. Why Is It Important to Write a Medicine Essay? The art of healing medicine unites some of the most urgent and important topics as the field is concerned with human life. Different types of essays may help one explore the theme. Medicine is an important area as the professional employees can lend assistance, maintain one’s state of health, and save a life. Even if a person is not directly connected to the medical sphere, there are many topics that one should be aware of. For instance, anything that deals with the personal hygiene, taking care of the patients, the rules of the first aid measures, as well as the symptoms of some illness would be helpful for every person who pays attention to own health. Writing the medicine essay, one would learn to structurize the information about a particular topic. What is more, depending on a type of the essay, one can broaden own knowledge. Thus, if one should write an argumentative essay, one would learn how to use a bulk of information to shape own position and advocate it. The Choice of the Topic for Medicine Essay Writing Medicine is a wide sphere that is interconnected with many other subjects. Therefore, the choice of the topic depends on a number of factors. First and foremost, one should be aware of the tendencies connected with the chosen direction. While we are living in the age of the continuously emerging technologies, it is no wonder that medicine is also continuously evolving. Thus, the choice of the topic for the medicine essay should mirror the latest tendencies and important changes that would be interesting and useful to find out about. A good topic should be comprehensible and define the key idea of the entire essay. Importantly, the title should also be concise, however, clear. The best way to decide on the topic is to make previous research to find out which topics are explored the most lately. In addition, it should also be noted that one can ask the professor to check the chosen topic so that he or she can either confirm it or give a piece of advice as for some changes in it. As for a bad topic, it is the one that is not relevant, too often chosen by other students or the one that is similar to one’s previously chosen themes of the medicine essays. Here are some examples of the proper topics for the medicine essays: Health Policy in the USA; Antibiotic Resistance; Autism in Children; Abortion Should be Illegal; The Advantages of Medical Cannabis; First Aid in Extreme Situations; What One Should Know About Schizophrenia; The Impact of the Stress on the Academic Progress; The Connection Between Videogames and Violence in Teenagers; The Ethics of Gene Engineering. These are only some topics that can be chosen by a writer, however, it often happens that the professors provide their students with a ready list of topics. In case if one has got the ready list of themes, it is easier to make a choice. Pre-Writing Tips on How to Start an Essay in Medicine As soon as the right topic is chosen and is comprehensively formulated, one should get down to work. The writing process always has to be well organized as long as it directly impacts on the quality of the writing. Therefore, one should not ignore the preparation. It is noteworthy to mention that this preparation moment is concerned with not only the research work, choice of the essay type, the list of the sources, however, the organization of the writing space as well. In such a way, one should choose the most appropriate spot that would create a working atmosphere, exclude the distracting objects and noises. Even though it may sound too pretentious at first, however, it is not hard and will not take much time. On the contrary, the right atmosphere would be a plus for the successful completion of the task. Finally, it is important that one has some pencil or pen and a notebook nearby as these would be needed for the creation of the outline. How to Create a Helpful Medicine Essay Outline? An outline is, indeed, helpful and allows one to create a cohesive and readable essay. What is more, a plan assists a writer during the search of the sources. The points of the outline define certain subtopic. Besides, one can focus on some specific subtopic and fully cover it. The chosen topic functions as a starting point and presupposes the key point of the paper. In such a way, there are few medicine essay writing tips for one to remember while creating an effective outline: Before the creation of the perfect outline, one would have to write down several ideas that should be discussed in the essay. These ideas would later become the skeleton of the body part of the work. As the main ideas are defined, one would need to organize them. At this point, one would rearrange all the ideas putting them in the right order so that the whole paper would make sense and sound logical. As the previous step is done, on would have to review and adjust the written. While reviewing the listed ideas, one can either add something or vice versa delete some unneeded points. The Creation of the Thesis Statement for Your Medicine Essay The thesis is one of the most important parts of the paper as it, in fact, drives the entire essay. It is possible to build the thesis statement on the topic and the ideas that construct the body of the paper. It is worthy to mention that students do not pay much attention to this element of the essay, however, it is both helpful and guiding. During the writing process, one would always align the written material with the thesis statement. Every new paragraph of one’s work would also be connected with it in one way or another. Thus, the first and foremost rule while creating a valid and worthy statement is that the thesis should answer the major question concerned with the topic. For instance, if the essay’s theme is â€Å"First Aid in Extremal Situations† that the thesis statement would sound as follows: â€Å"Being aware of the basic rules of the first aid is a crucial skill in the extremal situations.† In this case, the body of the essay would discuss d ifferent points of the topic that are still connected with this main idea defined in the thesis statement. The Research Work on Your Medicine Essay Before starting essay writing, one would have to do some research work to gather as much useful information as possible. Sometimes people disregard the importance of this point, while it is exactly what makes an essay a worthy one. For sure, one would need to look through a number of websites, databases, journal articles, and books before choosing only some of them that fit perfectly the topic. The Structure of the Medicine Essay The structure of the essay follows the standard structure that consists of the introduction, body, and conclusion. At the same time, however, one should be aware of the fact that different types of essay require some structural peculiarities as well. In the case of the argumentative or persuasive essays, one should be especially attentive with the thesis statement that should suggest the position of the writer. What is more, at the end of the body part, there would be an opposing argument, and one would refute it in the essay’s body. In the compare and contrast essays, a student can use either the block or the point-by-point method. The first method presupposes that the similar and different points would be alternating with each other, while the block method means that one would first define all the similarities and then all the differences. Importantly, the introduction includes the thesis, the body parts turn around it, using the examples and details to prove it, and the con cluding paragraph restates the thesis summarizing all the points mentioned in the body part of the essay. Searching for the Credible Sources Used in a Medicine Essay As it has already been mentioned, the sources are important for the masterful and effective essay. While searching for the references, one should be attentive and choose only credible sources. Knowing the exact structure of the essay, it is easier to search for the appropriate sources that would cover the theme of the concrete paragraph. Talking about the credibility, one should be aware that it is an indicator that shows the appropriateness of the source, as well as its trustworthiness. On the Internet, there is a lot of specialized journals, books, reports, case studies, and official web pages that provide everyone interested in the information. The links that contain some general purpose domains like ‘.gov’, ‘.edu’, and ‘.org’ should be prioritized. One should also ignore the blogs, encyclopedias, or outdated sources. It is considered that the source is an old one if the date of publication was more than five years ago. As for the medical essays, it is better to use the articles that are written by those who are directly connected with the healthcare field. The rules of citation can be found on such websites as Owl Purdue. The webpage is a good choice as it suggests the citation rules for all the paper formats that are usually used for the essay writing activity. With the help of Owl Purdue, one would create a references page and manage the in-text citations effectively. Thus, for instance, the article that can be found here would look the following way in the APA format: Meadan, H., Halle, J.W., and Ebata, A.T. (2010). Families With Children Who Have Autism Spectrum Disorders: Stress and Support. Exceptional Children, v. 77-1, pp. 7-36. Post-Writing Tips Applied by Our Writers in Medicine Essays As soon as the paper is done, one should not relax as there is one more important stage of the writing process. The writers sometimes neglect the reviewing part. In practice, it is the thing that can considerably help in terms of improvement of the entire work. It should also be noted that despite the fact that the outline helps to organize the essay, the final version of the paper may show that some changes are to be made in the work. A writer not only proofreads the writing, however, also paraphrases certain parts of the text, adds or deletes something, and even rearranges the paragraphs. The effectiveness of the essay revision depends on a number of factors. The key advice, in this case, is concerned with the time when the proofreading is made. Thus, in an ideal scenario, one would have to take a break before reviewing the completed essay. After an intensive working process, a huge amount of different information, one can miss something important due to the tiredness. In such a way, as soon as the last word is printed, a student should take a breath, do some exercises for the eyes, maybe have some tea, or lie down listening to favorite music. Normally, such a break lasts for not less than 30 minutes. After such a small recreation, it is necessary to get down to the proofreading activity with the fresh mind. Use your fresh mind during the whole essay writing. You’re encouraged enough to write a medicine essay effectively for your academic performance and the field of study as well. Make progress together with us!

An Experiential Anthropology Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

An Experiential Anthropology - Dissertation Example Cultural anthropology or socio-cultural anthropology is the study of culture (Delaney, 2004). Cultural anthropology centers on ethnography, which refers to either the methodology or the product of research i.e. a book or monograph. Ethnography is largely inductive, relying on participant observation. Under cultural anthropology lies the ethnology technique that focuses on the systematic comparison of various cultures. Ethnography utilizes the process of participant-observation. Cultural anthropology focuses on the study of kinship and covers other areas such as political and economic organization, conflict resolution and law, consumption patterns, technology, material culture, infrastructure, ethnicity, gender relations, religion, myth, socialization, values, etiquette, language, festivals, recreation, and sports among others. Biological or physical anthropology, on the other hand, refers to anthropological research centered on the examination of human and non-human primates within t heir evolutionary, demographic, and biological dimensions. In essence, biological anthropology examines the social and biological influencers of the evolution of mankind and primates which create, sustain, or alter physiological and genetic variations. Biological anthropology involves the study of primatology, which involves the examination of non-humans within their geographical environments to learn about the abilities and behavioral patterns of primates (Delaney, 2004). Biological anthropology also involves the study of human biology, which involves examining human diversity, non-cultural adaptations with regard to environmental elements, and genetic inheritance patterns. Archaeological anthropology refers to the examination of human records by examining its artifacts. This study involves the examination of material remains of human beings to discover how people lived. For instance, pieces of artifacts like tools and pottery provide evidence of cultural and social lives of past s ocieties. Archaeological anthropologists are typically detectives who uncover evidence through excavating, dating and analyzing material remains of past societies. This means archaeologists have a deep comprehension of the expansion of human civilizations and societies by analyzing human ancestors. Linguistic anthropology or anthropological linguistics aims at understanding the development of human communication, language variations through space and time, verbal and non-verbal communication, social functions of language, and the link between culture and language. Linguistic anthropology links linguistic analysis and methods to the interpretation of sociocultural processes. In order to do this, linguistic anthropologists draw on fields such as cognitive linguistics, discourse analysis, sociolinguistics, semiotics, narrative analysis, and pragmatics.  

Evaluation of a research design Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Evaluation of a design - Research Paper Example Rape victim interacting with men in public). Several studies show high comorbidity between PTSD and SUD, which suggested that a client suffering from one disorder also suffered from the other. It is said that a reduction in PTSD symptomatology reduces SUD symptoms as well. The authors begin with a discussion on the prevalence of PTSD-SUD comorbidity and the mechanisms between the two. Several laboratory-based studies that incorporated exposure therapy and SUD treatments are then discussed. These studies reported that exposure therapy significantly reduces symptoms of both PTSD and SUD. The authors recommended conducting randomized controlled trials to test the effectiveness of exposure therapy in treating clients with PTSD-SUD. Methods For this qualitative study, the authors conducted a secondary research about PTSD-USD comorbidity and analyzed four clinical studies that incorporated exposure therapy with SUD treatments. The authors reviewed the literature to show the prevalence of h igh comorbidity between PTSD and SUD. As a background, the authors discussed imaginal exposure and in vivo exposure as the two most common types of exposure therapy. To provide evidence about the effectiveness of exposure therapy in treating PTSD-SUD, the authors analyzed four clinical studies. For each clinical study, the type of exposure therapy and accompanying SUD treatment were identified.

Attempt to Understand the Conditions that Eventually Led to the Research Paper

Attempt to Understand the Conditions that Eventually Led to the Holocaust - Research Paper Example Hilberg (1985) in his account has sufficiently articulated the different historical stages that preceded the Holocaust and which set the ground ready for the 20th century genocide in all respects ranging from the legal status of such acts within the German territories, and to an extent beyond it, to the fundamentalist thoughts that would accompany such acts. Hilberg’s analysis is also marked for the in-depth details regarding the functioning of the pogrom machinery. The 20th-century holocaust also makes it possible to be read, and to be interrogated and further explore, as an event which is part of our modernity and all the institutions that mark its existence including bureaucracy. It also throws definite challenges to our understandings of the modern enlightenment rationality to the extent it reserves sufficient spaces to accommodate inhuman acts and thoughts under the disguise of being rationale. Nevertheless, the fact that the massacre of Jews could not be identified separ ately from the historical incidents that preceded it – both with and without any direct or indirect relation to it – and that it has not been the first or even the last of such massacres in the name of religion, race, ethnicity etc., might compel any sociological analysis of the 20th century genocide to broaden its perspectives beyond the scope and limits of modernity and rationality. However the relation between the modernity and holocaust gathers much more significance since, as Eberhard Jà ¤ckel wrote, â€Å"never before had a state with the authority of its responsible leader decided and announced that a specific human group, including its aged, its women and its children and infants, would be killed as quickly as possible, and then carried through this resolution using every possible means of state power† (quoted in Maier 1988, p 53).

A Comparative Study on Open Source ASIC Tools

A Comparative Study on Open Source ASIC Tools Abstract: Most analog and digital electronic circuit designs can be realized at different levels from the transistor to architecture level. As the complexity of Very Large Scale Integrated Circuits (VLSI) design process leads to the usage of Electronic Design Automation (EDA) tools for design and optimization. Manual design of integrated circuits up to layout is much more complicated and time consuming process, also lack of efficiency in the fabricated chip. So that Computer Aided Design (CAD) tools are widely used in ASIC design. CAD tools provide the common path to simplify the IC design process. But the commercial tools are very much expensive and not able to use as an individual. For that purpose open source EDA tools are used for study of an IC design. In this research, it mainly concentrates on available open source and freeware EDA tools with its usage on IC design and development process are presented and evaluated. This research also gives a fundamental idea on how the open source EDA tools have helped the researchers and students to learn and fabricate their own Integrated circuits. Introduction: Electronics systems are take part a crucial role in every human life. Electronic systems ranging from Integrated Circuits (ICs) to PCB (Printed Circuit Boards) are developed and produced by CAD tools. CAD tools are the collection of rules, algorithms, different methodologies and tools which automate the design, testing and verification of electronic devices. There are many commercial CAD tools are available, which are the industry standard and they are very expensive to bought such licenses. For academic and small scale industries usage of those tools are limited due to the cost. So the alternatives are Free and Open-Source Software EDA tools are the only effective way for students and teachers to learn and implement their ideas by modifying the source code. There are lot of open source and freeware tools are available for analog and digital circuit design. But the problems behind those softwares are integration of multiple tools for a complete design; installation procedure, operating systems, etc. are the various factors. From the above said considerations the tools such as Qflow and Magic from open circuit design tools, Electric from static free software, alliance, LASI, toped, microwind are considered for this research. Open Circuit Design Tools: Alliance: Alliance is a VLSI tool having numerous of tools integrated together with portable libraries. It contains VHDL compiler and simulator, synthesis, auto place and route tools. For digital design a complete set of portable CMOS libraries are provided [1]. Alliance is developed and maintained by ASIM department of LIP6 laboratory at Pierre Marie Curie University, France. Alliance is free and open source software initially developed for teaching VLSI design. Its binaries, source code and cells libraries are distributed under the GNU General Public License. Alliance tool has been used in many research projects. One is Superscalar 128-bit Very Long Instruction Word (VLIW) microprocessor [2] was designed by alliance CAD system and IEEE Gigabit HSL Router. The main features of Alliance includes, it supports the standard VLSI description formats like SPICE, EDIF, VHDL, CIF and GDSII. It has built in design and simulation tools. It is easy to learn and use, also convenient to get the resources online. It includes logical synthesis tool which supports VHDL synthesis. The Alliance design flow includes design, synthesis and simulation along with optimization by using different kind of tools. The Alliance tools are independent, interact with each other and has more than 150 documented standard cells and six custom optimized generators [3], also it does not require a high performance workstation like Cadence; however, it is designed for UNIX based platform. Electric: Electric VLSI Design System is a high performance open source EDA tool that provides complete aids in designing the IC layout. It is a sophisticated system which can handle a range of fabrication CMOS technologies. It has many generic analysis and synthesis tools which automates the design process. It integrates the schematic editor, circuit simulator, schematic driven layout generator, layout editor, layout verification and parasitic extraction. The major advantage to Electric VLSI Design System is that, it allows swapping between the designs data with other standard EDA tools in the industry. It supports most popular formats such as EDIF, VHDL, GDS, LEF/DEF, etc. Initially, the Electric VLSI design system was written in C language in 1982 by Steven Rubin [4] at the Fairchild A.I. Laboratory in Palo Alto, California. Later it was ported to Java acquired by Oracle. Irrespective of all other CAD tools Electric had a combination of graphics, connectivity, and accurate geometry for IC design. The Electric design system has a huge database which is built on network structure, primarily to implement connectivity. The network has nodes and arcs [6], which are components in the circuit and connecting wires respectively. These network nodes and arcs have their own geometric data, for a correct representation of the circuit. Electric has an expansive database and can store a large number of structures, design rules are incorporated. The Electric VLSI system provides many features such as: Integrity Schematic, Layout and the supporting packages are integrated in one file. No node extraction Electric provides geometry connectivity information. So there is no need to extract nodes separately Geometry errors simpler design process powerful editing with LVS check

Disadvantages Of The Clil Methodology Education Essay

Content and Language Integrated Learning ( CLIL ) is â€Å" an advanced attack to acquisition, a dynamic and actuating force with holistic characteristics † ( Paresi et al. 2001: 77 ) . This method of larning the content of capable through a foreign linguistic communication has been acclaimed worldwide as a pedagogical tool of supplying scholars with a particular learn-promoting atmosphere. Although surveies conducted in CLIL schoolrooms have demonstrated legion positive effects on linguistic communication competencies and attitude, there are still certain accomplishments which can non be developed every bit successfully as in traditional schoolrooms. First of wholly, this concerns productive accomplishments which are fostered less efficaciously in CLIL categories. Therefore, extra schemes are much needed in order to hike both unwritten and written accomplishments. One of such suited techniques is concerted acquisition ( CL ) , which gives scholars an chance to work with their equals and, what is even more of import, motivates them. Integrating CL into CLIL may assist ease overall linguistic communication proficiency and make a high degree of larning motive. This paper will analyze how pupils may be motivated in CLIL categories by implementing CL. The intent of the survey is to demo how CLIL enriched by CL can make a motivation acquisition environment. The first subdivision of the paper is an debut, which is followed by an overview of the research conducted on CLIL in Europe. Section 3 trades with the drawbacks of the CLIL attack and Section 4 is devoted to CL, which is divided into three subdivisions. First subdivision gives an overview of CL research done in Europe. The following subdivision defines CL as a term and the undermentioned subdivision investigates the specialnesss of CL organisation of the acquisition. Section 5 discusses how a blend of CLIL and CL can lend to making actuating category atmosphere. The concluding subdivision will pull a decision approximately CL as one of the most utile techniques to increase pupils ‘ motive to larn linguistic communication.2. CLIL research in EuropeAs already stated in the debut, this subdivision deals with research surveies carried out in European states and points out chief treatments refering CLIL as a instruction method, viz. its influence on lingual and cognitive competenci es of scholars. Before lucubrating on CLIL research, it should be noted that there is â€Å" still a well-documented dearth of research in this country † ( Perez- Canado 2011: 315 ) . CLIL is a particular method of â€Å" instruction and larning through a foreign linguistic communication † ( March 2002: 54 ) , which has been widely acknowledged across Europe. This attack of incorporating content and linguistic communication in the schoolroom has gained an increasing popularity in European states in the 1990s when greater degrees of foreign linguistic communication proficiency and new signifiers of bilingual instruction were needed due to socio-economic integrating and globalisation. Being introduced and developed by Council of Europe in 1996, CLIL attack was later underpinned by a series of schoolroom based surveies which provided grounds for its advantages. Overall, research work carried out on CLIL affirms that â€Å" it is safe and promising manner of learning both for foreign ling uistic communication and a content topic † ( Gregorczyk 2012: 10 ) . Findingss have showed that CLIL has positive impact non merely on content acquisition ( californium. Serra 2007 ; Deller & A ; Price 2007 ; Seikkula-Leino 2007 ; Vollmer 2008 ; Jappinen 2006 ) , but besides on L1 and L2 competencies ( californium. Masih 1999 ; Lorenzo, Casal & A ; Moore 2009 ; Coyle, Hood & A ; March 2010 ) . Besides, there are some research workers who emphasize the ability of CLIL to better content and linguistic communication competencies and who strongly believe in the importance of the CLIL methodological analysis ( californium. Mehisto & A ; March 2008 ) .3. Disadvantages of the CLIL methodological analysisDespite the presented potency of CLIL undertaking, several disadvantages of the content-based linguistic communication instruction were observed and investigated by different bookmans and learning experts. These surveies have demonstrated that particularly productive accomplishments a re less boosted in CLIL schoolrooms and are achieved at well lower degrees of public presentation than receptive accomplishments. This means that both speech production and composing accomplishments are reported to be negatively affected in content-based contexts. Particularly unwritten production of scholars is likely to neglect to be successfully developed and improved in CLIL categories ( Perez- Canado 2011: 317 ) . Although some research workers argue that good synergistic accomplishments can be acquired in content-based schoolrooms ( Moore 2011: 533 ) , Casal ( 2006: 1 ) points out that scholars have few chances to pass on with each other which may hold a negative impact non merely on unwritten but besides on written production. Furthermore, it is indispensable to concentrate much more attending on composing in content-based categories in order to go more positive results ( Dulton-Puffer 2007: 36 ) . Apart from the inquiries of negatively affected lingual competencies raised by assorted research workers, other bookmans were concentrated on issues associated with linguistic communication development ( californium. Dalton-Puffer 2007 ; Merisuo-Storm 2007 ) . However, merely few surveies are concerned with scholars ‘ attitudes or perceptual experiences ( californium. Hunt 2011 ) . Since this paper is focused on CL as an effectual instruction tool for actuating scholars in CLIL categories, the research done on CL will be briefly discussed in the first subdivision of the following subdivision devoted to CL.4. Concerted acquisition.4.1. Overview of European surveies on CLThough the term concerted acquisition was coined in the USA in the 1940s, most research has been undertaken merely during the last 30 old ages and has done much to progress theoreticians and instructors ‘ cognition of cooperation instruction. By looking at CL research outside the USA, there are merely few E uropean states in which thorough and cardinal surveies on CL have been conducted, viz. in Italy by Lopriore ( 1999 ) and Spain by Lobato Fraile ( 1998 ) , Rodriguez Tunas and Morales Urgel ( 1998 ) , Casal ( 2005 ) , every bit good as in the Netherlands by Van Oudenhoven, Van Berkum and Swen-Koopmans ( 1987 ) . More research on CL is surely needed in Europe, which could put peculiar emphasis on the benefits of the incorporation of CL into CLIL categories, because this might heighten CLIL greatly.4.2. Definition of concerted acquisitionCL promotes better scholar ‘s accomplishment than traditional acquisition attacks ( Slavin 1984: 256 ) . CL is known for its utile and effectual instructional value in linguistic communication acquisition and in instruction in general. There exists a big assortment of definitions of CL which depend on the theoretical attack behind this term. For Olsen & A ; Kagan ( 1992: 8 ) CL is a group larning pattern with a particular construction, where larn ing depends on â€Å" the socially structured exchange of information † between pupils who are responsible non merely for their ain results and advancement but besides for those of their equals. Similar to Olsen & A ; Kagan ( 1992 ) Johnson & A ; Johnson ( 1981: 446 ) position CL as a method of set uping â€Å" little groups so that pupils work together to maximise their ain and each other ‘s acquisition † . However, there are several broader definitions of CL, for illustration, one that is given by Jacobs, Power & A ; Loh ( 2002: A 1 ) who define CL as â€Å" rules and techniques for assisting pupils work together more efficaciously † . Another generalisation of the term CL can be found in the surveies by Damon & A ; Phelps ( 1989: 136 ) where research workers postulate CL as an overarching impression consisting â€Å" a scope of team-based acquisition attacks † . Overall, the definition of CL varies harmonizing to the facet of larning which is of primary importance for a peculiar theoretician. In this paper CL is regarded as an effectual pedagogical tool for bettering productive accomplishments in CLIL categories and for actuating linguistic communication scholars, and therefore, peculiar attending is drawn to both academic accomplishment and societal relationships, which may be enhanced in a concerted environment. The accentuation of these benefits of CL can besides be explained by the fact that scholars in a concerted scene follow the purpose of the group and seek to assist each other in larning which serves as a motivation force for their preparedness to inform and help their equals ( Gillies & A ; Boyle 2010: 933 ) .4.3. Organization of larning in concerted schoolroomsThe predating treatment has demonstrated non merely the assortment of definitions of the term CL, but besides has highlighted the advantages of this effectual group larning technique. This subdivision will show the bing methods of forming of the acquisition procedure in concerted schoolrooms to demo the effectivity of CL for CLIL attack. There are several schemes of set uping larning in concerted schoolrooms, which is based on different attacks such as Leaning Together ( californium. Johnson & A ; Johnson 1981 ; Johnson, Johnson & A ; Holubec 1992 ) , Complex Instruction ( californium. Cohen 1994 ) , Group Investigation ( californium. Sharan 1994 ) , Student Team Learning ( californium. Slavin 1995 ) and Structural Approach to CL ( californium. Kagan 1994 ) . Obviously, certain similarities and differences can be found among them, nevertheless, and they are all underpinned by the basic rules of CL, viz. , positive mutuality and single answerability. At this point it should be stated that it is non merely the execution of CL attack into CLIL contexts which is important but besides the effectual and decently designed group methods with their built-in rules from which CLIL may profit well. Furthermore, a immense assortment of CL techniques will do content-based categories more exciting for each scholar. ( californium. J acobs, Power, & A ; Loh 2002 ; Sharan 2010 ) . Some of them are presented by Jacobs ( 2004: 4-5 ) , e.g. Circle of Speakers, Write-Pair-Switch, Question-and-Answer Pairs, etc. Importantly, the incorporation of such group activities into CLIL â€Å" provokes pupils to endeavor † ( Brecke & A ; Jensen 2007: 57 ) .5. Execution of CL in CLIL schoolroomsAs already discussed in the old subdivision, CL techniques may increase scholars ‘ motive. However, non merely group activities per Se motivate pupils, but it is a ‘social interaction ‘ that is so extremely of import for them, and by and large, for kids begin to larn at an early age ( Gillies & A ; Boyle 2011: 933 ) . Motivation together with exposure and usage are defined as important requirements for effectual linguistic communication acquisition ( Willis 1996: 11 ) . Therefore, supplying scholars with more societal contacts and peer interaction activities will actuate them to win and to larn. This does non inte nd that in content-based categories pupils can non interact and are non motivated. Pistorio ( 2010: 2 ) underscores that CLIL has a possible to bring forth a â€Å" socially constructed acquisition environment † . Furthermore, CLIL, being based on ‘intristic motive ‘ , gives a batch of chances to larn linguistic communication by the way ( Paresi et al. 2001: 79-80 ) . In add-on, some research worker ( e.g. Hunt ( 2011: 365 ) posit that CLIL programmes can work out the job of â€Å" alienation † in L2 across Europe ( Lorenzo, Casal & A ; Moore 2009: 12-13 ) . However, harmonizing to Seikkula-Leino ( 2007: 330 ) , linguistic communication and content incorporated into the learning environment can non be equated with success. Therefore, an luxuriant combination of indispensable characteristics of CLIL attack and CL techniques will give more positive consequences, and, at the same clip, will better scholars ‘ motive. â€Å" This integrating provides a mo tivational and cognitive footing for linguistic communication acquisition † ( Snow, Met & A ; Genesee 1989: 202 ) .6. DecisionIn decision, CLIL being applied in European schools has been developed to heighten bilingual instruction and has surely the potency for growing. In order to avoid some booby traps of the content-based acquisition, viz. negatively affected productive accomplishments, an extra instruction method – CL – has been suggested. In this paper, CL techniques with their important rules were demonstrated as successful pedagogical tools which may better academic accomplishment and societal interaction in a CLIL environment. Underliing the importance of societal interaction as one of the built-in conditions for successful linguistic communication acquisition, this survey has proved that CL may be efficaciously integrated into content-based schoolrooms in order to accomplish both a higher degree of motive and to hike lingual competency outcomes overall. Furthermore, since assorted CL activities force equal interaction, they can besides further talking accomplishments by actuating pupils to pass on with other. Further research in this country is needed to place other positive facets of CL, which are suited for CLIL and which may be applied efficaciously, particularly to better composing accomplishments. It will be besides indispensable to place other cooperation characteristics which may increase motive to larn linguistic communication in content-based categories. Of class, CLIL needs to continue with development and research non merely to foreground its advantages, but besides to concentrate on extra instruction techniques in order to vouch that pupils can successfully develop both their receptive and productive accomplishments in a content-based environment. The consequences of this paper show that CLIL ‘s benefits will far outweigh the disadvantages when implementing CL into CLIL.

Kwame Nkrumah Strategies and ideologies towards Essay

Nkwame Nkrumah had a vision for Africa, he wanted to have a united continent where all the corners of this region can work together and talk in one voice. He was one of the great proponents of Panafricanism where he passionately advocated for such a union as the only solution to the many social, economic and political problems that this continent was facing. In essence he can be said to have provided a vision for the achievement of a united continental government of Africa. His passion was to see Africa united, he strongly believed that no single African country can achieve progress in most of the aspects on its own, unity among nation was such an important move as could harness the development in this continent which Nkrumah believed had a great potential. (Wallerstein, I. 1967) Nkrumah advocated for a collective African agency which can be largely be attributed for the initiation of the African groups within the United Nations. In 1960s Nkrumah organized the African states to vote as a block and nominated one of the African states for the United Nations membership. Nkrumah was advocating for a single African vote instead of micro nations. His reasoning was that a powerfully consolidated continent would be in a very good position to bargain rather than a fragmented continent which can not speak in one voice. He was of the opinion that the full realization of African nationalism would not be achieved until a single political unit was formed. (Wallerstein, I. 1967) Nkrumah was very instrumental in the formation of an African union. He together with other peer leaders in the African continent was the founding fathers of the Organization of African Union. He championed for unity in the continent so that they are net left behind while the other continents move forward. He used his oratory and negotiations skills to influence other African leaders to rally behind him and work together towards realization of this dream. His efforts bore fruit as the organization which was to be used as a vehicle to a united Africa was up and running. Whether this dream lives on to this time is not important the fact remains that this great African leader was dedicated towards achievement of African unity. Reference Wallerstein, I. (1967) Africa: The politics of unity. New York: Vintage Books.

Womens Labor Project Example

Womens Labor Project Example Women's Labor Project – Coursework Example History and Political Science Topic: Womens Labor Project Dear Family, It has been almost one year since I left home in search of a new life in theUnited States of America. Although I miss my life in the village in Italy, I am adjusting well to my new surroundings in New York City. Although my first interest was to be reunited with my husband, Aronne my new passion is with my work. I have secured a new job in an apparel factory, many of the women that I work with are also from Italy so we get the opportunity to swap stories in our mother language. It is difficult to communicate with some of the other women because they often speak different languages and it is sometimes difficult to communicate in English. Nevertheless I have become good friends with a German lady who speaks English quite well, and even some Italian.It was not always easy for Aronne and I in our new life. Upon our arrival we had to live in a settlement house in the city and it was difficult for us to find good jobs. There was a lot of crime, in this new apartment complex but we life next to some good Italian people and we look out for each other. In the market it is easy to find some of the foods that we are accustomed to but there are a lot of people from very exotic places and it is always exciting to explore new areas. Recently some of the people at work asked me to join a union. I am reluctant to come on board simply because the management is so strongly anti-union that I would fear for my job security and possibly even for my health and safety. I believe in the end I will make the decision to join the Union but for the moment I simply want to keep my head down, do my job and enjoy my life with my husband.I miss you all terribly, and although we may never see each other again you can be happy to know that I am healthy and productive in the new world.

Neanderthal-Homo Sapiens Hybrid Essays - Pleistocene, Stone Age

Neanderthal-Homo Sapiens Hybrid Essays - Pleistocene, Stone Age Neanderthal-Homo Sapiens Hybrid Implications of Neanderthal-Homo Sapiens Hybrid from the Abrigo do Lagar Velho (Portugal) In a recent excavation at Abrigo do Lagar Velho in Portugal, Duarte et al (1999) unearthed what was later to be recognized as early human skeletal remains which pointed to interbreeding between Neanderthal and Modern Humans during the mid - upper Palaeolithic transition. The morphology of the remains, belonging to a child of approximately 3-4 years old, indicates a Neanderthal typology in post-cranial features, and more modern cranial features. The find has been cited as evidence of hybridization between the two traditionally separate human lines, and offers an explanation to the question of Neanderthal extinction. (Trinkaus 1999) Anthropologists are now offered a line of evidence pointing to the contemopranity of Moderns and Neanderthals in parts of Europe and assumptions can be made about their contact: The discoverersare making a ground-breaking claim, that the skeleton shows traces of both Neanderthal and modern human ancestry, evidence that modern humans did not simply extinguish the Neanderthals, as many researchers had come to think. Instead the two kinds of human were so alike that in Portugal, at least, they intermingledfor thousands of years. (Kunzig, 1999) By examining the theories of human evolution, and looking at the cultural evolution of tool technology as well as the biological transitions and differences between the two types of humans, we can see that this hybridization just might be the answer. Perhaps this find will be able to tell us what exactly did happen to the Neanderthals. Firstly, it is useful to have an overview of the different theories of human evolution, or I should say the two most widely accepted views as accepted by palaeo-anthropologists in the field. For some years now it has been the contention that the origins of modern humans stem from either a continuous evolution from archaic to modern humans in local regions from an earlier dispersal of Homo erectus, or conversely from modern humans evolved in Africa only which then dispersed to replace those hominids in said regions. These two theories are known as the Continuity or Regional model and the Replacement or Out of Africa model respectively. The fossil (skeletal) and cultural (technological) evidence thus far has pointed to convincing arguments on both sides, which proponents are quick to defend. Neanderthals can be distinguished from anatomically Modern Humans by the presence of prominent brow ridges, low forehead, occipital bun, facial prognathicism, large nasal aperture, and shorter, sturdier skeletal features most notably, distinguishing them from Moderns who were taller and had longer limbs, higher foreheads, lass prominent browridges and rounder skulls. It should be noted that the cranial capacities of both were comparable, with the Neanderthals being even slightly larger. (Klein: 1989) Many proponents of a regional theory claim that such morphological differences show a continuity and depending on how they are viewed can be seen as evidence of variation within a species, not distinct species. This would mean that the Neanderthal morphology developed as an adaptation to the colder glacial climate of Europe and elsewhere. (Wolpoff:1980) From a replacement standpoint however, these differences in morphology are too distinct to be variables on a theme and in conjunction with dates provides evidence supporting that view. (Mellars and Stringer:1989) Neanderthals occupied Europe and the Middle East during a time range usually agreed upon as ranging from roughly 130 kya - 35 kya to as recent as approx. 26kya. Modern populations are seen as early as 100kya in the Middle East and around 40 kya in Europe. At some sites in the middle east, both populations lived in very close proximity to one another for what is thought to be a time range of about 40 000 years. (Akazawa et al:1998) Recent developments in genetic studies have begun to open new lines of evidence in the relatedness of Neanderthals to current modern human populations. By studying the genes of both, we can compare the similarities and differences and calculate whether the two are close enough to say there is a relation or not. This line of research had been theory mostly because the skeletal remains on record had no organic material available from which to extract genetic material (i.e.: collagen in the bone). DNA from a Neanderthal specimen would be able

Japan Civilization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Japan Civilization - Essay Example Secondly, the analysis will also discuss the way in which Confucianism was imported and ultimately adopted from the Chinese culture. The purpose of choosing to cultural/religious inclusions within Japanese history and culture is with regards to the fact that religion has a powerful means of altering the way in which a given culture approaches key concepts and topics. In short, religion in and of itself can transform a culture and differentiated in a way that other cultural inclusions may very well not. Whereas many religions spread around the world and into new areas due to the fact that a strong or resilient native religion is nonexistent, this is very much not the case with regards to how Buddhism spread within the Japanese culture. Ultimately, Japan had many forms of resilience and native religions that were extant far prior to the introduction of Buddhism from Korea. However, nonetheless, this interpretation of a new religious paradigm was not something that met with a great deal of strife or violence. Rather, Buddhism was oftentimes incorporated alongside the various native religions, such as Shintoism, that were already practiced within Japan. Moreover, Buddhism had yet another tangential effect due to the fact that the writing system of the â€Å"Kanji† was Incorporated alongside the religion within Japan. ... In such a way, these religious interpretations existed almost unquestioned up until the Meiji restoration. Regardless of their impact, the reader should come to the realization that the role that religion plays with regards to allowing a degree of transcultural development and integration in which many other forms of culture exchange could not hope to achieve in and of themselves. As a result of the widespread acceptance and integration of these religiously motivated norms and mores, Japanese society continues to indicate the influences that these religious interpretations have had upon the current times. Unlike many of the other nations or cultural patterns in history, conquest and violence did not define the means by which either of these religious interpretations spread in and around Japan; however, the cultural impact that they had upon the way in which society is currently evidenced and the means by which the religious history of these movements have developed the Japanese cultu re. Likewise, within the modern era, Japan has embraced a clear and distinct form of Western ideals, economics and culture. This can be seen since the time of the Meiji Restoration up until the current era. Although Japan is one of the most resilient and strongest embodiments of culture retention within the world, the nation has, nonetheless, been able to evolve and grow with the changing of the times and adopt and react to the prescient needs that the global influences that are acting upon them invoke. Specifically, the reader can realize that within the past several hundred years, Japan has opened itself to global commerce, shifted towards a industrialized nation, and adopted a capitalist model. None of these were normative factors of the indigenous culture of Japan;

Death Penalty Position Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Death Penalty Position Paper - Essay Example Proponents believe it to be neither cruel nor unusual, on the contrary, they think it just and fair. The purpose of this study is to discuss the legal and moral issues that literally are of life and death importance and is a major barometer when measuring a societies collective conscience. The ‘eye for an eye’ group not only accepts but vocally insists that the death penalty be continued for many reasons which will be covered thoroughly in this discussion. It will also include the opponents’ reasoning regarding why it should be abolished along with the legal precedents involved in an effort to gain a comprehensive overview of the death penalty debate. The discussion will conclude with an opinion regarding the future of Capital punishment in the U.S. By definition, capital punishment is not unusual, legally speaking, unless one considers and acknowledges the racial bias that exists in the justice system. Whether or not it is cruel is not definable by law. It can only be defined by the collective social conscious of a culture. The legal interpretation of ‘cruel and unusual’ is somewhat open to debate but in general, the term ‘cruel’ refers to brutal punishments that cause excessive pain. Most legal experts agree that punishments including bodily dismemberment or torture are undoubtedly classified as cruel. Again, terminologies are open to interpretation as evidenced by the current debate at the highest level of government involving the definition of torture. The term ‘unusual’ is commonly understood to define the equitable application of punishment for a particular offense. For example, if ten people were cited for speeding and nine of them were fined $100 but one was fined $1000, this penal ty would be considered ‘unusual.’ Taken together, both ‘cruel’ and ‘unusual’ indicate that the punishment should be exacted in proportion to the offense committed. A life term in prison is an